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I would like to thank the social regimen for free-lance workers (RSI, formerly the Canam) for having entrusted Inserm with implementation of the collective expert review on scholastic learning disabilities such as dyslexia, whose importance in public health terms gave rise to a national action plan in 2001.
Since the year 2000, the national organization for free-lance workers (Canam), which became the social regimen for free-lance workers (RSI) in 2005, has requested that Inserm implement several collective expert reviews relating to child health. The reviews have addressed, among other subjects, obesity, mental disorders and specific scholastic learning disabilities identified as public health priorities at national level.
In order to understand a text, the child must acquire a high degree of automatism in the identification of written words. Development of that skill enables the child to achieve a reading comprehension level equivalent to that of his/her spoken language comprehension by freeing the child from slow and laborious decoding or recourse to risky contextual anticipation. One manifestation of dyslexia is in fact the inability to develop that type of skill.
Large-scale child cohort studies using a methodology based on standardized questionnaires such as the Child Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ) show that children presenting with psychological disorders (externalized or internalized) have a reading and/or mathematical level lower than children free from those disorders. The studies do not describe the cognitive profile of the children or the severity indices of the learning disabilities. They do not enable recognition of a child population that, due to poorly managed dyslexia and dysorthography and failing at school, presents with secondary psychological disorders.
Behavioral disorders are more frequent in dyslexic children or children presenting with dyscalculia than in children free from learning disabilities, but less frequent than in the child population referred for psychiatric treatment. Performance anxiety, difficulties in peer relations, family conflicts and low self-esteem are frequently encountered in that population. By way of an example, a French reference center for language disorders found, in the course of psychological and speech-therapy medical examinations, affective disorders in 28% of 173 children presenting with a learning disorder. This calls attention to the fact that the clinician must be attentive to the cognitive and affective or behavioral aspects in the diagnostic evaluation and management of learning disabilities.
Il y a un proverdisant populaire: "tous les doigts ne sont pas égaux". Bien que cette affirmation soit généralement interprétée comme signifiant que certaines personnes sont toujours plus efficaces que d'autres, on peut parfois interpréter cela comme signifiant que chaque individu est différent. Les différences d'êtres humains sont les principales raisons pour lesquelles les gens se plaignent que "les humains sont difficiles à diriger". Il n'est pas étonnant que de nombreuses organisations-en particulier les grandes-dédient un département entier à la prise en charge de leur population. La question qui se pose souvent est la suivante: pourquoi les humains sont-ils si différents les uns des autres? Alors que certaines personnes s'intéressent à la politique, d'autres s'intéressent aux sports. Alors que certaines personnes ont des souvenirs retentifs, d'autres ont de la difficulté à se souvenir d'événements passés dans leur vie-même des personnes du même âge. Pourquoi? Pourquoi est-ce que même un jumeau, identique dans tous les aspects physiques, a des goûts différents et n'aime pas l'autre jumeau? Cette certification de psychologie a été conçue pour répondre à toutes ces questions de manière simple pour vous permettre de comprendre le rôle de la psychologie dans les relations humaines.
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Online content moderation is a moral minefield, especially when freedom of expression clashes with preventing harm caused by misinformation. A study by a team of researchers from the Max Planck Institute for Human Development, University of Exeter, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, and University of Bristol examined how the public would deal with such moral dilemmas.
Humanistic psychology, which has been influenced by existentialism and phenomenology,[104] stresses free will and self-actualization.[105] It emerged in the 1950s as a movement within academic psychology, in reaction to both behaviorism and psychoanalysis.[106] The humanistic approach seeks to view the whole person, not just fragmented parts of the personality or isolated cognitions.[107] Humanistic psychology also focuses on personal growth, self-identity, death, aloneness, and freedom. It emphasizes subjective meaning, the rejection of determinism, and concern for positive growth rather than pathology. Some founders of the humanistic school of thought were American psychologists Abraham Maslow, who formulated a hierarchy of human needs, and Carl Rogers, who created and developed client-centered therapy.
Existential psychology emphasizes the need to understand a client's total orientation towards the world. Existential psychology is opposed to reductionism, behaviorism, and other methods that objectify the individual.[105] In the 1950s and 1960s, influenced by philosophers Søren Kierkegaard and Martin Heidegger, psychoanalytically trained American psychologist Rollo May helped to develop existential psychology. Existential psychotherapy, which follows from existential psychology, is a therapeutic approach that is based on the idea that a person's inner conflict arises from that individual's confrontation with the givens of existence. Swiss psychoanalyst Ludwig Binswanger and American psychologist George Kelly may also be said to belong to the existential school.[111] Existential psychologists tend to differ from more "humanistic" psychologists in the former's relatively neutral view of human nature and relatively positive assessment of anxiety.[112] Existential psychologists emphasized the humanistic themes of death, free will, and meaning, suggesting that meaning can be shaped by myths and narratives; meaning can be deepened by the acceptance of free will, which is requisite to living an authentic life, albeit often with anxiety with regard to death.[113]
The automaticity model of John Bargh and others involves the ideas of automaticity and unconscious processing in our understanding of social behavior,[132][133] although there has been dispute with regard to replication.[134][135]Some experimental data suggest that the brain begins to consider taking actions before the mind becomes aware of them.[136] The influence of unconscious forces on people's choices bears on the philosophical question of free will. John Bargh, Daniel Wegner, and Ellen Langer describe free will as an illusion.[132][133][137]
Observational studies are commonly conducted in psychology. In cross-sectional observational studies, psychologists collect data at a single point in time. The goal of many cross-sectional studies is the assess the extent factors are correlated with each other. By contrast, in longitudinal studies psychologists collect data on the same sample at two or more points in time. Sometimes the purpose of longitudinal research is to study trends across time such as the stability of traits or age-related changes in behavior. Because some studies involve endpoints that psychologists cannot ethically study from an experimental standpoint, such as identifying the causes of depression, they conduct longitudinal studies a large group of depression-free people, periodically assessing what is happening in the individuals' lives. In this way psychologists have an opportunity to test causal hypotheses regarding conditions that commonly arise in people's lives that put them at risk for depression. Problems that affect longitudinal studies include selective attrition, the type of problem in which bias is introduced when a certain type of research participant disproportionately leaves a study.
Some of the ethical issues considered most important are the requirement to practice only within the area of competence, to maintain confidentiality with the patients, and to avoid sexual relations with them. Another important principle is informed consent, the idea that a patient or research subject must understand and freely choose a procedure they are undergoing.[290] Some of the most common complaints against clinical psychologists include sexual misconduct.[290]
The Online Readings in Psychology and Culture (ORPC) is designed to serve as a resource for researchers, teachers, students, and anyone who is interested in the interrelationships between Psychology and Culture. Sponsored by the International Association of Cross-Cultural Psychology (IACCP), this publication is a free online resource for readers and authors.
In the present volume Professor Bergson firstdeals with the intensity of conscious states. Heshows that quantitative differences are applicableonly to magnitudes, that is, in the last resort,to space, and that intensity in itself is purelyqualitative. Passing then from the considerationof separate conscious states to their multiplicity,he finds that there are two forms of multiplicity:quantitative or discrete multiplicity involves theintuition of space, but the multiplicity of consciousstates is wholly qualitative. This unfoldingmultiplicity constitutes duration, which is asuccession without distinction, an interpenetrationof elements so heterogeneous that former statescan never recur. The idea of a homogeneousand measurable time is shown to be an artificialconcept, formed by the intrusion of the idea ofspace into the realm of pure duration. Indeed,the whole of Professor Bergson's philosophycentres round his conception of real concreteduration and the specific feeling of duration whichour consciousness has when it does away withconvention and habit and gets back to its naturalattitude. At the root of most errors in philosophyhe finds a confusion between this concrete durationand the abstract time which mathematics, physics,and even language and common sense, substitutefor it. Applying these results to the problemof free will, he shows that the difficulties arise[Pg viii]from taking up one's stand after the act has beenperformed, and applying the conceptual methodto it. From the point of view of the living,developing self these difficulties are shown to beillusory, and freedom, though not definable inabstract or conceptual terms, is declared to beone of the clearest facts established by observation. 2b1af7f3a8