DEEP FOG
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Steam Fog: This type of fog is commonly seen in the Great Lakes but can be seen onany lake. This forms during the fall season. As summer ends, water temperatures don'tcool right away but air temperature does. As a mass of dry, cold air moves over awarmer lake the warm lake conducts warm, moist air into the air mass above. Thistransport between the lake and air evens out. This corresponds to the second law ofthermodynamics and this law state \"any two bodies that come into contact, the systemwill become equilibrium state.\" Steam fog does not become very deep but enough toblock some of the sunlight.
Valley Fog: Valley fog forms in the valley when the soil is moist from previous rainfall.As the skies clear solar energy exits earth and allow the temperature to cool near or atthe dew point. This form deep fog, so dense it's sometimes called tule fog.
The water along the coast of California is cold for a couple of reasons. First, the California Current brings cold water from Alaska southward along the coast. And second, cold water from the deep ocean comes up to the surface through a process called upwelling. From March through September, wind blows southward along the coast. This wind, combined with the rotation of the earth, creates surface currents that move water from the coast out into the ocean. Something has to fill in the space that was left behind when the surface waters moved out to sea. So water from the deep ocean is sucked to the surface.
Warmer air temperatures are heating the surface layer of the ocean. As the surface layer gets warmer and thicker, it becomes harder for the cold deep water to mix with the warm surface layer. This weakens the upwelling. Weak upwelling means less fog is produced.
The backstory of Demon's Souls, the FromSoftware game that kickstarted the \"Soulslike\" sub-genre of RPGs, is a classic tale of human hubris: as cited in the prologue cinematic for the Demon's Souls Remake, \"King Allant the Twelth, by channeling the power of souls, brought unprecedented prosperity to his northern kingdom of Boletaria. That is, until the colorless deep fog swept across the land.\" Players of Demon's Souls witness the ruinous state of fallen Boletaria first hand - its proud castle walls crumbled, its halls overrun with soul-devouring demons and their mindless slaves. But what was Boletaria like before its fall What heights of prosperity did King Allant achieve with the power of the Soul Arts, and what made him decide to end it all by awakening the soul-devouring Old One Players can glimpse the answers to these questions by talking to Boletarian NPCs in the Demon's Souls world... but the truth of Boletaria's past can only be found in the imaginations of players, just as game designer Hidetaka Miyazaki intended.
A vertical distribution formulation of liquid water content (LWC) for steady radiation fog was obtained and examined through the singular perturbation method. The asymptotic LWC distribution is a consequential balance among cooling, droplet gravitational settling, and turbulence in the liquid water budget of radiation fog. The cooling produces liquid water, which is depleted by turbulence near the surface. The influence of turbulence on the liquid water budget decreases with height and is more significant for shallow fogs than for deep fogs. The depth of the region of surface-induced turbulence can be characterized with a fog boundary layer (FBL). The behavior of the FBL bears some resemblance to the surface mixing layer in radiation fog. The characteristic depth of the FBL is thinner for weaker turbulence and stronger cooling, whereas if turbulence intensity increases or cooling rate decreases then the FBL will develop from the ground. The asymptotic formulation also reveals a critical turbulent exchange coefficient for radiation fog that defines the upper bound of turbulence intensity that a steady fog can withstand. The deeper a fog is, the stronger a turbulence intensity it can endure. The persistence condition for a steady fog can be parameterized by either the critical turbulent exchange coefficient or the characteristic depth of the FBL. If the turbulence intensity inside a fog is smaller than the turbulence threshold, the fog persists, whereas if the turbulence intensity exceeds the turbulence threshold or the characteristic depth of the FBL dominates the entire fog bank then the balance will be destroyed, leading to dissipation of the existing fog. The asymptotic formulation has a first-order approximation with respect to turbulence intensity. Verifications with numerical solutions and an observed fog event showed that it is more accurate for weak turbulence than for strong turbulence and that the computed LWC generally agrees with the observed LWC in magnitude.
Errors and uncertainties of the LWC formulation arise from the following reasons. First, it is an asymptotic solution with a truncation error of O(K). This means that the solution is more accurate for a small K than for a large K. The accuracy of the asymptotic solution for different K values can be evaluated by comparing the asymptotic solution with the steady numerical solutions of PDE (1) in different K values as presented in Fig. 6, which shows that the LWC profiles for the asymptotic and the numerical solutions are in close agreement, with a small positive bias of 10% for weak turbulence (Fig. 6a for shallow fog and Fig. 6d for deep fog) and a larger positive bias of 30% for strong turbulence (Fig. 6b for shallow fog and Fig. 6e for deep fog). However, if the turbulence intensity further increases, being close to Kc, both asymptotic and numerical LWC approach zero (Figs. 6c,f). This implies that Kc is in good agreement with the value of turbulence pivot of PDE (1) for given conditions, which can be confirmed by comparison between Kc and the turbulence pivots searched from the solution space of PDE (1) for different fog depths and temperatures as shown in Fig. 7.
The accuracy of the asymptotic formulation also depends on where it is applied. If it is used in a field study, its accuracy relies on the quality of measurements. If it is applied in a numerical weather prediction (NWP) model, the modeled fog LWC is treated as a first guess and the asymptotic formulation can be used to diagnose fog conditions at grid points near the surface or to resolve/adjust the modeled LWC. In this case, the depth of the saturated surface layer is suggested as the fog depth in computation. For a shallow saturated surface layer at a grid point, the modeled cooling rate is reliable for use, because whether the model predicted light fog has relatively less impact on the modeled cooling rate and turbulence. If the saturated surface layer at the grid point is deep, however, the modeled cooling rate may have some uncertainties because the first guess from an NWP model may not be correct (Stoelinga and Warner 1999; Müller et al. 2005) to generate reliable cooling profiles. One suggestion is using the layer-averaged cooling rate over multiple levels within a deep fog to reduce the uncertainty. In this case, (18) instead of (21) or (23) is used. The sensitivity of the asymptotic LWC to various cooling rate profiles will be assessed in section 4b.
The critical turbulent exchange coefficient for steady radiation fog was identified from the asymptotic solution. Its value is proportional to C1/2 and H3/2, which defines the strongest turbulence intensity a steady fog can endure. A weaker-than-critical turbulent intensity is a necessary condition for having a fog persist. Once turbulence exceeds its threshold, the fog will become unstable and disperse. This means that a deep fog can withstand a stronger turbulence intensity than a shallow fog does, and an initial fog forming aloft is more likely to become a dense fog because it is deep from the beginning. The roles of the turbulence threshold in radiation fog can be conceptually illustrated with a state diagram of fog depth versus turbulence intensity. Note that the concepts of FBL and critical turbulent exchange coefficient were first introduced for radiation fog in this study and were examined with only one observation. Their role and impact on radiation fog await further verification with more observational data or with numerical simulations. 59ce067264
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